Otosclerosis is characterized by an abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear, specifically around the stapes bone, one of the three small bones in the middle ear responsible for transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear. As the bone becomes less mobile due to this abnormal growth, it interferes with the transmission of sound, resulting in hearing impairment. Otosclerosis typically affects both ears, although the degree of hearing loss may vary between ears.

Symptoms of otosclerosis often include:

1. Gradual hearing loss, often starting in early adulthood.
2. Tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ear).
3. Dizziness or imbalance (less common).

Stapes Surgery (Stapedectomy or Stapedotomy):

Stapes surgery is a surgical procedure aimed at improving hearing in individuals with otosclerosis. It involves removing or reshaping the stapes bone to allow sound waves to be transmitted more effectively to the inner ear. There are two primary types of stapes surgery: stapedectomy and stapedotomy.

Ear discharge can be a distressing symptom and may manifest as fluid, pus, blood, or a combination of these substances draining from the ear. It is often accompanied by pain, hearing loss, dizziness, and a feeling of fullness in the ear. Chronic ear discharge is frequently associated with recurrent or long-standing middle ear infections (otitis media), as well as more serious conditions like cholesteatoma, which is an abnormal growth of skin cells within the middle ear.

Common causes of ear discharge include:

Chronic Otitis Media: Prolonged inflammation of the middle ear can lead to persistent ear discharge, often requiring surgical intervention.

Perforated Eardrum: A hole or tear in the eardrum can lead to ear discharge, which may need surgical repair.

Cholesteatoma: This noncancerous growth of skin cells within the middle ear can cause ear discharge, hearing loss, and complications if left untreated.

Tympanomastoid Surgery:

Tympanomastoid surgery is a broad term used to describe surgical procedures that address problems within the middle ear and the mastoid bone, which is the bone behind the ear.